2025/09/09

靜脈曲張的臨床分級:從「蜘蛛網」到「腳部潰瘍」的六級警示

CEAP 是「Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, Pathophysiology」的縮寫,是國際上用來評估和分級慢性靜脈疾病(如靜脈曲張)的標準系統。包含臨床症狀(Clinical)、病因(Etiology)、解剖位置(Anatomy)與病理生理(Pathophysiology),其目的在於對慢性靜脈疾病進行分類,而非作為靜脈逆流本身的嚴重度量表或預後指標,其中「臨床分級」最常用來描述及記錄靜脈曲張,因為可以從外觀上明顯簡單地分辨出來。

  • C1:蜘蛛網狀靜脈血絲(Telangiectasia)或網狀靜脈曲狀(reticular veins)
  • C2:有如蚯蚓般隆起的靜脈曲張 (varicose vein)
  • C3:下肢水腫 (edema)
  • C4:皮膚病變
    • C4a: 色素沉澱或濕疹(pigmentation or eczema)
    • C4b: 脂性皮膚硬化症或白色萎縮症 (lipodermatosclerosis or atrophy blanche)
    • C4c: 冠狀靜脈曲張 (corona phlebectasia) 
  • C5:已癒合之靜脈潰瘍(healed ulcer)
  • C6:活動性靜脈潰瘍(active ulcer)
在已經有皮膚病變的C4~6,外觀看著就可怕,因此常常有人認為級數越高,靜脈逆流越嚴重,但這其實是不完全正確的觀念。雖然有許多文獻的統計告訴我們多數後期的分級合併有較嚴重的靜脈擴張及逆流時間,但有些研究也發現兩者並無具有統計意義的正相關。

因此CEAP 的分級主要反映的是患者最明顯的臨床症狀,而不是血管逆流的程度有多嚴重。所以超音波的檢查在靜脈曲張是非常重要的一環,唯有藉著熟悉超音波操作的醫師檢查,才能找出是否有逆流、逆流時間、以及逆流的血管大小及其分支如何分布,將CEAP完整的拼湊起來,也才能決定正確治療的方向。

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參考文獻

  1. Gloviczki, P., Lawrence, P. F., Wasan, S. M., et al. (2024). The 2023 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities. Part II: Endorsed by the Society of Interventional Radiology and the Society for Vascular Medicine. Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 12(1), 101670. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.08.011.

  2. Lurie, F., Passman, M., Meisner, M., et al. (2020). The 2020 Update of the CEAP Classification System and Reporting Standards. Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 8(3), 342-352. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075.

  3. Gloviczki, P., Comerota, A. J., Dalsing, M. C., et al. (2011). The Care of Patients With Varicose Veins and Associated Chronic Venous Diseases: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 53(5 Suppl), 2S-48S. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.01.079.

  4. Kistner, R. L., Eklof, B., Masuda, E. M. (1996). Diagnosis of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Extremities: The "CEAP" Classification. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 71(4), 338-45. doi:10.4065/71.4.338.

  5. Scheerders, E. R. Y., Pardo, L. M., Malskat, W. S. J., et al. (2025). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Venous Disease in a General Population in the Netherlands: Results From the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery: The Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.08.028.

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